Hapcheon County is surrounded by Changnyeong as well as Euiryeong to the Southeast, Geochang as well as Sancheong to the West and Goryeong as well as Seongju of Gyeongsangbuk Province. With the exception of the eastern part, high and precipitous hills are densely situated and the eastern part is flittered by the flowing streams of Nakdong River.

The river under direct jurisdiction of Hapcheon County, Hwang River, which, as one of the main waterways of Hapcheon to branch off from Nakdong River, originates from Mt. Deokyu of Geochang. Several streams are combined together and flow down by making a turn to the South in Bongsan County. Upon reaching Hapcheon-eup, it penetrates through the center of Hapcheon, flows out from Yulgok-myeon and joins the main stream of Nakdong River in Jeokpo-li of Cheongdeok-myeon. Hapcheon Dam, a multipurpose dam completed in 1988, holds 7.9 million tons of water and produces 100,000kw electricity.

As Hapcheon is located inland, the climate is quite extreme. According to the overall weather conditions in the past 5 years, the average annual temperature is 12.8°C with the lowest temperature of -13.9°C (in 1997) and the highest of 39.2°C (in 1994). The rainfall is approximately 916.3mm, among which 60% is concentrated in the months of June, July and August.